#1Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Introduction
Define an instrumentation system. Explain the functional block diagram of a generalized measurement system (sensor, signal conditioning, transmission, display/processing).
Appeared in:2082 Kartik2081 Chaitra
ENEX 252Bachelor in Electronics, Communication and Information Engineering · Semester 42 Papers Available
Instrumentation
Past examination question papers and complete curriculum syllabus for Instrumentation (ENEX 252), Bachelor in Electronics, Communication and Information Engineering Semester 4 under Institute of Engineering (IOE), Tribhuvan University.
Past Question Papers (PDF)
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Most Frequently Asked Questions
Top recurring IOE board exam questions for Instrumentation with verified mark schemes, formula notation, and recurrence frequency.
Showing 30 of 30 top repeated questions
Introduction
1 QuestionTheory of Measurement
4 Questions#1Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Theory of Measurement
Define errors and list out its types. Analyze the significance of accuracy vs. precision in different measurement scenarios. Can you have high precision but poor accuracy? Illustrate with an example.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2082 Baishakh
#2Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Theory of Measurement
Define static characteristics of measuring instruments: Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Resolution, Linearity, Hysteresis, and Dead Band. Differentiate between gross, systematic, and random errors.
Appeared in:2082 Kartik2080 Chaitra
#3Repeated 2 Times[8 Marks]Theory of Measurement
Explain the dynamic characteristics of zero-order, first-order, and second-order measurement systems. Derive the step response of a first-order instrument.
Appeared in:2081 Chaitra2079 Chaitra
#4Repeated 1 Times[4 Marks]Theory of Measurement
Derive the expression for resistance using the ammeter-voltmeter method. Interpret the results of the ammeter-voltmeter method for measuring medium resistance. Discuss the impact of the internal resistance of the ammeter and voltmeter on the measured value of resistance.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh
Transducer
6 Questions#1Repeated 2 Times[8 Marks]Transducer
Explain the construction and working of LVDT for the measurement of displacement. The output of LVDT is connected to 5V voltmeter through an amplifier whose amplification factor is 250. An output of 2mV appears across the terminals of LVDT when the core moves through the distance of 0.5mm. Calculate the sensitivity of LVDT and that of the whole setup. The milli voltmeter scale has 100 divisions. The scale can be read to 1/5 of a division. Calculate the resolution of the instrument in mm.
Appeared in:2082 Shrawan2082 Baishakh
#2Repeated 2 Times[8 Marks]Transducer
Explain the principle and construction of a strain gauge. Derive the expression for the Gauge Factor $GF = 1 + 2\nu + \frac{\Delta\rho/\rho}{\epsilon}$. What is temperature compensation using a dummy gauge?
Appeared in:2082 Kartik2081 Chaitra
#3Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Transducer
Explain the principle of piezoelectric transducers. Derive the relationship between generated voltage $V$ and applied pressure $P$.
Appeared in:2082 Shrawan2080 Chaitra
#4Repeated 2 Times[8 Marks]Transducer
Explain temperature measurement using Thermocouple, Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD, Pt-100), and Thermistor. Compare their sensitivity, range, and linearity.
Appeared in:2082 Kartik2079 Baishakh
#5Repeated 1 Times[4 Marks]Transducer
A linear resistance potentiometer is 50 mm long and is uniformly wound with a wire of total resistance 5,000 $\Omega$. Under normal condition, the slider is at the center of the potentiometer. Determine the linear displacement when the resistance of the POT as measured by a Wheatstone bridge is 1850 $\Omega$. If it is possible to measure a minimum value of 5 $\Omega$ resistance with the above arrangement, determine the resolution of the POT in mm.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra
#6Repeated 1 Times[4 Marks]Transducer
A rotary potentiometer has a total resistance of $5\text{ k}\Omega$, a total angular displacement of $300^\circ$. If the wiper is at $120^\circ$ and applied voltage is 10 V, what is the resistance between the wiper and the starting end? Also find output voltage.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh
Interfacing of Instrumentation System
5 Questions#1Repeated 3 Times[5 Marks]Interfacing of Instrumentation System
What are the operation modes of 8255 PPI? Explain the block diagram of mode 1 input configuration and also write its control word and status word.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Bhadra2082 Baishakh
#2Repeated 2 Times[8 Marks]Interfacing of Instrumentation System
Explain the working of Successive Approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter (SAR ADC) and Dual Slope Integrating ADC. Compare their conversion speed and noise immunity.
Appeared in:2081 Chaitra2078 Bhadra
#3Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Interfacing of Instrumentation System
Explain Sample and Hold (S/H) circuit with operational waveforms. Define acquisition time and aperture time.
Appeared in:2082 Kartik2080 Baishakh
#4Repeated 1 Times[5 Marks]Interfacing of Instrumentation System
Draw the general block diagram of Atmega328 (AVR) CPU microcontroller. Briefly explain its features.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra
#5Repeated 1 Times[5 Marks]Interfacing of Instrumentation System
Explain interfacing of DC motor with ATmega328P microcontroller along with its circuit diagram and program.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh
Connectivity Technology in Instrumentation System
4 Questions#1Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Connectivity Technology in Instrumentation System
Explain standard industrial current loop ($4\text{ to }20\text{ mA}$) and voltage signaling ($0\text{ to }10\text{ V}$). Why is $4\text{ mA}$ chosen as live zero instead of $0\text{ mA}$?
Appeared in:2082 Kartik2081 Chaitra
#2Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Connectivity Technology in Instrumentation System
Compare RS-232, RS-485, and CAN bus standards in terms of communication distance, signaling mode (single-ended vs differential), data rate, and multi-drop capability.
Appeared in:2081 Chaitra2079 Chaitra
#3Repeated 1 Times[6 Marks]Connectivity Technology in Instrumentation System
What do you mean by WSN and how it is different from traditional sensors? Explain protocol stack diagram of ZIGBEE.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra
#4Repeated 1 Times[6 Marks]Connectivity Technology in Instrumentation System
What are the major considerations while choosing right connectivity in instrumentation system? Explain SPI protocol with communication design of master slave configuration.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh
Circuit Design
4 Questions#1Repeated 3 Times[5 Marks]Circuit Design
Explain the factors that should be considered while doing component placement. What factors will you consider while routing the signal traces on printed circuit board (PCB)?
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Shrawan2082 Baishakh
#2Repeated 2 Times[4 Marks]Circuit Design
Write an importance of decoupling, ground bounce, cross talk and impedance matching in designing circuit.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2082 Baishakh
#3Repeated 2 Times[8 Marks]Circuit Design
Explain the operation of a Wheatstone bridge and deflection bridge. Derive the balanced bridge condition and sensitivity of a four-arm active strain gauge bridge.
Appeared in:2082 Kartik2081 Chaitra
#4Repeated 2 Times[8 Marks]Circuit Design
Draw the circuit diagram of an Instrumentation Amplifier using three Op-Amps. Derive the expression for its closed-loop differential voltage gain and explain why it has very high CMRR.
Appeared in:2082 Kartik2080 Chaitra
Software for Instrumentation Application
1 Question#1Repeated 3 Times[6 Marks]Software for Instrumentation Application
List out the steps for Software development life cycle (SDLC). Explain how prototype software development model is different from waterfall model.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Bhadra2082 Shrawan
Electrical Equipment
2 Questions#1Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Electrical Equipment
Explain the working principle of Electrodynamometer type wattmeter with its mathematical expression of deflection for both AC and DC operations.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2082 Baishakh
#2Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Electrical Equipment
Explain the working principle and block diagram of a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO). Explain sampling rate, memory depth, and trigger modes.
Appeared in:2082 Kartik2080 Chaitra
Latest Trends
1 Question#1Repeated 1 Times[3 Marks]Latest Trends
Explain the structural block diagram of smart sensor.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra
Application of Modern Instrumentation System
2 Questions#1Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Application of Modern Instrumentation System
Explain Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Distributed Control System (DCS) architectures in industrial process monitoring.
Appeared in:2082 Kartik2079 Baishakh
#2Repeated 1 Times[3 Marks]Application of Modern Instrumentation System
Define Industry 4.0. What might be the challenges to implement automation system in industrial instrumentation system?
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra
Curriculum Syllabus & Course Topics
Sourced from TU curriculum portalChapter-wise Units & Micro-Syllabus Topics (10 Units)
1. Introduction
- 1.1Analog and digital instrument: Definition, block diagram, characteristics
- 1.2Microprocessor-based systems: Open vs closed loop, benefits, features and applications in instrumentation design
- 1.3Microcomputer on instrumentation design
2. Theory of Measurement
- 2.1Static performance parameters: Accuracy, precision, sensitivity, resolution and linearity
- 2.2Dynamic performance parameters: Response time, frequency response and bandwidth
- 2.3Error in measurement
- 2.4Statistical analysis of error in measurement
- 2.5Measurement of resistance (Low, medium and high)
- 2.6DC / AC bridge (Wheatstone bridge, Maxwell’s bridge, Schering bridge)
3. Transducer
- 3.1Transducer, workflow of a transducer in typical system, transducer classification
- 3.2Sensor and its working principle (Resistive, capacitive and piezoelectric), generation of sensor, classification of sensor (Analog sensor, digital sensor)
- 3.3Types of sensors (Electrical sensor, chemical sensor, biological sensor, acoustic sensor, optical sensor and other motion sensor), characteristic of sensors
- 3.4Actuator, classification of actuators (Hydraulic, pneumatic, electric and mechanical), characteristic of actuator
4. Interfacing of Instrumentation System
- 4.1Microprocessor and microcontroller and their selection criteria, and applications
- 4.2The PPI 8255 and interfacing of peripherals (LED, 7 segment, dip switch, 8- bit ADC, 8/10-bit DAC using mode 0 and mode1) with 8085 microprocessor
- 4.3Microcontrollers (Atmega328, STM32): Architecture, pin configuration, and their application
- 4.4Sensor/Actuator interfacing with Atmega328P (Arduino): Analog and digital sensors, implementation of communication protocols, interrupt based interfacing
5. Connectivity Technology in Instrumentation System
- 5.1Wired and wireless communication system
- 5.2Wired connectivity: UART, I2C, SPI, CAN
- 5.3Wireless sensor network and its technology
- 5.4RF modem, Bluetooth, WI-FI, NFC, ZIGBEE and LORA
- 5.5Thermal management: Heat dissipation technique, heat sink
- 5.6Data acquisition system (Data loggers, data archiving and storage), cloud based data acquisition system
6. Circuit Design
- 6.1Converting requirement into design, reliability and fault tolerance
- 6.2High-speed design: Bandwidth, decoupling, crosstalk, impedance matching
- 6.3PCB design: Component placement, trace routing, signal integrity, and ground loops
- 6.4Noise and noise coupling mechanism, noise prevention, filtering, ferrite beads, decoupling capacitors, and ESD & its prevention
7. Software for Instrumentation Application
- 7.1Overview of software engineering
- 7.2Types of software
- 7.3Software development life cycle (SDLC), software process models (Waterfall model, prototype model, incremental model, agile model)
- 7.4Software reliability vs hardware reliability
- 7.5Software bugs, software testing, different levels of testing
8. Electrical Equipment
- 8.1Voltmeter and ammeter: Types and working principle
- 8.2Energy meter: Types and working principle
- 8.3Frequency meter: Types and working principle
- 8.4Wattmeter: Types and working principle
9. Latest Trends
- 9.1Internet of things (IoT): Simple architecture, characteristics, advantages
- 9.2Smart sensors
- 9.3Important of cloud computing in instrumentation system
- 9.4Instrumentation in industry 4.0/5.0
10. Application of Modern Instrumentation System
- 10.1Instrumentation for power station including all electrical and non-electrical parameters
- 10.2Instrumentation for wire and cable manufacturing and bottling plant
- 10.3Instrumentations for a beverage manufacturing and bottling plant
- 10.4Instrumentations required for a biomedical application such as a medical clinic or hospital
- 10.5Instrumentation system design using a processor (Microprocessor, microcontroller or others)
Examination Scheme & Marks Distribution
Evaluation Structure
- Final Board Theory Exam: 60 Marks (Pass mark: 24)
- Internal Assessment: 40 Marks (Pass mark: 16)
- Practical / Lab Exam: 25 or 50 Marks (Continuous lab evaluation + viva, where applicable)
* This is the general current IOE 60/40 scheme; verify course-specific details in the syllabus above.
Exam Preparation Guidelines
- Review the 2 available past examination papers to identify recurring patterns, core problem types, and chapter weightage.
- Cross-reference key answers with official syllabus units, standard textbooks, and lecture notes.
- Structure answers with labeled diagrams, concise bullet points, and highlight final answers in numerical solutions.
Frequently Asked Questions (Instrumentation)
Q: How can I download Instrumentation past question papers?
You can preview or download the Instrumentation question papers (PDF) directly using the built-in viewer on this page with zero redirects or paywalls.
Q: What is the pass mark for Instrumentation?
The general current scheme is a 60-mark final theory exam and a 40-mark internal assessment, with pass marks of 24 and 16. Verify the course-specific syllabus above.
Q: Where can I find the complete syllabus for this subject?
The available chapter-wise syllabus and topic breakdown is indexed in the Syllabus section above, with links to the curriculum PDF source.
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Curriculum Syllabus & Marking Scheme