Sanitary Engineering
Past examination question papers and complete curriculum syllabus for Sanitary Engineering (ENCE 305), Bachelor in Civil Engineering Semester 5 under Institute of Engineering (IOE), Tribhuvan University.
Past Question Papers (PDF)
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IOE Past Examination Paper
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Most Frequently Asked Questions
Top recurring IOE board exam questions for Sanitary Engineering with verified mark schemes, formula notation, and recurrence frequency.
Introduction
1 QuestionQuantity of Wastewater
3 QuestionsDesign and Construction of Sewers
4 QuestionsSewer Appurtenances
2 QuestionsWastewater Microbiology
1 QuestionCharacteristics and Examination of Wastewater
3 QuestionsWastewater Disposal
4 QuestionsWastewater Treatment
6 QuestionsSludge Treatment and Disposal
3 QuestionsOnsite Sanitation of Waste from Isolated Facilities
3 QuestionsCurriculum Syllabus & Course Topics
Sourced from TU curriculum portalChapter-wise Units & Micro-Syllabus Topics (10 Units)
1. Introduction
- 1.1Sanitary engineering: Environment, water sanitation, and hygiene aspects
- 1.2Objective of wastewater treatment, disposal, and management
- 1.3Definitions: Sewage/wastewater; Domestic sewage; Industrial sewage; Sanitary sewage; Storm water; Sullage; Sewer; Black water; Brown water; Yellow water; Grey water; Sewerage; Garbage; Rubbish; Solid waste
- 1.4Historical development and importance of wastewater management (Global to national context)
- 1.5Sanitation systems (Conservancy and water carriage systems) with merits and demerits
- 1.6Sewerage systems and types (Separate, combined and partially separate systems) with merits, demerits, and engineering significance
- 1.7Typical schematic diagram of wastewater, and solid waste management methods: Collection, conveyance, treatment, and disposal
2. Quantity of Wastewater
- 2.1Dry weather flow and wet weather flow
- 2.2Sources of sanitary sewage: Private and public; Groundwater infiltration; Unauthorized connections
- 2.3Factors affecting the quantity of sanitary sewage: Population; Rate of water supply; Groundwater infiltration; Unauthorized connections
- 2.4Quantity estimate of sanitary sewage: Variations; Peak factor; Peak flow
- 2.5Quantity estimate of storm water: Rational and empirical formulae, time area graph and their limitations; Empirical formula for rainfall intensities
- 2.6Factors affecting the quantity of storm water
- 2.7Design discharge of wastewater for separate, combined and partially separate systems
3. Design and Construction of Sewers
- 3.1Sewer and its function (Open and closed channel flow)
- 3.2Shapes of sewers: Circular and non-Circular sections (Merits and demerits)
- 3.3Sewer materials: Requirements; Types (Salt glazed stoneware, cement concrete, cast iron, vitrified clay, wooden, PVC, CPVC, HDPE)
- 3.4Design criteria of sewers
- 3.4.1Specific gravity of wastewater
- 3.4.2Design period and selection criteria
- 3.4.3Minimum and maximum velocities; Self-cleansing velocity
- 3.4.4Sewer size and gradient range
- 3.4.5Hydraulic design of sewers by Manning's, Chezy's and Hazen Williams formulae
- 3.4.6Hydraulic elements of sewers for partial flow condition
- 3.4.7Partial flow diagrams and its significance
- 3.4.8Design of sewers of separate and combined systems
- 3.5Introduction to storm water drainage system
- 3.6Construction of sewer: Desk study; Setting out; Alignment and gradient; Excavation of trench; Timbering of trench; Dewatering of trench; Laying and jointing; Testing of sewer (Straightness, obstruction, water and air tests) Backfilling of trench; Maintenance
4. Sewer Appurtenances
- 4.1Necessity of sewer appurtenances
- 4.2Introduction, importance, use, construction, and working mechanism of sewer appurtenances: Manhole; Drop manhole; Lamp hole; Street inlets; Catch basin; Flushing devices; Sand, grease and oil traps; Inverted siphon; Sewer outlet; Ventilating shaft; Wastewater / storm water regulators
5. Wastewater Microbiology
- 5.1Microbes of interest and their roles in wastewater: Bacteria; Fungi; Algae; Protozoa; Rotifers; Crustaceans
- 5.2Types of microorganisms in wastewater: Based on carbon source, energy, and environmental factors (Oxygen requirement, pH, salt, temperature)
- 5.3Requirement for microbial growth: Nutrient; Electron donor; Acceptor; Macronutrients and micronutrients; Environmental conditions
- 5.4Bacterial growth and biomass yield: Bacterial reproduction; Population dynamics; Growth curve and kinetics; Metabolism process (Anabolism and catabolism); Waste removal mechanism
- 5.5Decomposition of wastewater and type of bacteria: Aerobic; Anoxic; Facultative; Anaerobic decomposition with process microbiology
- 5.6Fates of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous in wastewater
- 5.7Fresh and stale wastewater: Microbiological aspects
6. Characteristics and Examination of Wastewater
- 6.1Introduction and importance of characteristics of wastewater
- 6.1.1Physical characteristics and their significance: Colour; Odour; Temperature; Turbidity
- 6.1.2Chemical characteristics and their significance: PH; Solids; Carbonaceous nitrogenous: Phosphorous contents
- 6.1.3Biological characteristics and their significance: Bacteria (Total and Feacal coliform)
- 6.2Sampling of wastewater
- 6.2.1Grab, composite, and integrated samples
- 6.2.2Preservation, storing and transportation
- 6.3Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
- 6.3.1Definition of BOD and its significance
- 6.3.2BOD in term of population equivalent
- 6.3.3Derivation of BOD equation
- 6.3.4Rate reaction, ultimate BOD and relation with temperature
- 6.3.5Relative stability
- 6.4Chemical oxygen demand (COD): Definition, types and significance
- 6.5Examination of wastewater
- 6.5.1Necessity of wastewater examination (Forms of phosphorous and nitrogen, solid fractionation, fractionation of total organic carbon)
- 6.5.2Examination of wastewater: Suspended; Volatile; Fixed and total solids; Settleable and non-settleable solids; Dissolved oxygen (DO); Theoretical oxygen demand (TOD); BOD with and without dilution; COD; Total organic carbon (TOC); Total and Kjeldahl nitrogen; Total phosphorous
7. Wastewater Disposal
- 7.1Necessity and objectives of wastewater disposal
- 7.2National effluent discharge standards and provisions
- 7.3Wastewater disposal methods: Dilution and Land treatment
- 7.3.1Wastewater disposal by dilution process and essential conditions for dilution: Self-purification of rivers/streams; Factors affecting self- purification (Dilution, current, sunlight, sedimentation, temperature, oxidation and reduction); Oxygen sag curve; Streeter Phelp's equation (Derivation not required)
- 7.3.2Wastewater disposal by land treatment: suitability of land treatment; Methods of land treatment (Irrigation, overland flow, rapid infiltration, broad irrigation and sewage farming); Methods of application of sewage on land (Flooding, surface irrigation, ridge and furrow method, subsurface irrigation, and spray irrigation); Sewage sickness and its prevention
8. Wastewater Treatment
- 8.1Treatment processes and impurities removal
- 8.2Treatment train/process flow diagram
- 8.3Physical treatment processes
- 8.3.1Racks and Screens: Purpose, types and construction (Bar, coarse, and fine screens); design criteria
- 8.3.2Grit chamber: Purpose, construction and design criteria
- 8.3.3Skimming tank: Purpose, construction, and design criteria
- 8.3.4Equalization tank: Introduction, purposes, and types
- 8.3.5Sedimentation tank: Principle of settling (Type I, II, III, and IV), purpose, types, and design criteria
- 8.4Chemical treatment process: Chemical precipitation (Purpose, mixing, and flocculation)
- 8.5Biological (Secondary) treatment process
- 8.5.1Objectives of biological treatment process
- 8.5.2Principles of biological treatment process (Attached and suspended growth processes)
- 8.5.3Types of biological treatment process
- 8.5.3.1Sewage filtration, filter types: Intermittent sand filter (Purpose, construction, working, cleaning, merits and demerits); Contact bed (Purpose, construction, working, cleaning, merits and demerits); Trickling filter (Purpose, construction, working, cleaning merits and demerits, types - high and standard rates, recirculation, two-stage filters, design criteria, operational and maintenance issues)
- 8.5.3.2Activated sludge process: Principle, construction and process description; Aeration methods (Design parameters and criteria, secondary clarifier, advantages and disadvantages); Sludge volume/density index and its significance; Control parameters and operational issues (Filamentous bulking, Foaming and mousse formation, Pin- point floc, deflocculation)
- 8.5.3.3Oxidation ponds: Purpose, merits and demerits of oxidation ponds; theory of oxidation ponds; construction of oxidation ponds; commissioning; operation and maintenance; operational issues; design criteria
- 8.6Sequential batch reactor, membrane bioreactor and moving bed bioreactor: Introduction, removal mechanism and application
- 8.7Tertiary treatment system: Mechanism, impurity removal and application
- 8.7.1Pathogen removal: Disinfection, disc filters, and maturation ponds
- 8.7.2Nutrient removal (Nitrogen and phosphorous): Decentralized wastewater treatment system (Introduction, Mechanism, and uses); Anaerobic baffled reactor; Nature-based treatment system - Constructed wetland (Types based on flow: Surface and subsurface, Horizontal and vertical flow), advantages and disadvantages
9. Sludge Treatment and Disposal
- 9.1Sources and characteristics of sludge
- 9.2Estimation of sludge volume; Volume-Moisture relation
- 9.3Sludge treatment methods
- 9.3.1Grinding and blending
- 9.3.2Thickening: Gravity thickener (Purpose, construction and loading criteria)
- 9.3.3Digestion: Aerobic and anaerobic digestion, digestion process, control of digestion, construction and design criteria of digester
- 9.3.4Drying: Sludge drying beds (Purpose and construction)
- 9.3.5Sludge disposal methods: Dumping; Landfilling; Lagoons; Spreading on land; Composting (Purpose, principles, types - Windrow and mechanical); Incineration (Purpose and construction)
- 9.4Feacal sludge management practices (Treatment train): Issues, and challenges in Nepal
10. Onsite Sanitation of Waste from Isolated Facilities
- 10.1On site sanitation: Definition, necessity, and types
- 10.2Solid Waste Management: Definition, necessity, 3R principles, composting and types
- 10.3Pit privy: Purpose and construction; Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) - Purpose, construction, design criteria, types (Single pit, double pits and multiple pits, advantages and disadvantages)
- 10.4Pour flush latrine: Purpose, construction, and design criteria
- 10.5Septic tank: Purpose, construction, design criteria, working and maintenance
- 10.6Septic tank effluent disposal methods: Drain field (Purpose, construction, and design criteria); Soak pit (Purpose, construction, and design criteria); Evapotranspiration mound (Purpose and construction); Leaching cesspool (Purpose and construction)
- 10.7Design of VIP latrine, pour flush latrine, septic tank, drain field, and soak pit
Examination Scheme & Marks Distribution
Evaluation Structure
- Final Board Theory Exam: 60 Marks (Pass mark: 24)
- Internal Assessment: 40 Marks (Pass mark: 16)
- Practical / Lab Exam: 25 or 50 Marks (Continuous lab evaluation + viva, where applicable)
* This is the general current IOE 60/40 scheme; verify course-specific details in the syllabus above.
Exam Preparation Guidelines
- Review the 2 available past examination papers to identify recurring patterns, core problem types, and chapter weightage.
- Cross-reference key answers with official syllabus units, standard textbooks, and lecture notes.
- Structure answers with labeled diagrams, concise bullet points, and highlight final answers in numerical solutions.
Frequently Asked Questions (Sanitary Engineering)
Q: How can I download Sanitary Engineering past question papers?
You can preview or download the Sanitary Engineering question papers (PDF) directly using the built-in viewer on this page with zero redirects or paywalls.
Q: What is the pass mark for Sanitary Engineering?
The general current scheme is a 60-mark final theory exam and a 40-mark internal assessment, with pass marks of 24 and 16. Verify the course-specific syllabus above.
Q: Where can I find the complete syllabus for this subject?
The available chapter-wise syllabus and topic breakdown is indexed in the Syllabus section above, with links to the curriculum PDF source.