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ENCE 306Bachelor in Civil Engineering · Semester 52 Papers Available

Engineering Hydrology

Past examination question papers and complete curriculum syllabus for Engineering Hydrology (ENCE 306), Bachelor in Civil Engineering Semester 5 under Institute of Engineering (IOE), Tribhuvan University.

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Most Frequently Asked Questions

Top recurring IOE board exam questions for Engineering Hydrology with verified mark schemes, formula notation, and recurrence frequency.

Showing 30 of 30 top repeated questions

Introduction

1 Question
#1Repeated 5 Times[5 Marks]Introduction
Explain the hydrological cycle with a neat schematic diagram. Write down the water budget equation for a catchment and explain how a hydrological catchment boundary is delineated at a given river outlet point.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2081 Bhadra2080 Bhadra2078 Bhadra2075 Chaitra

Precipitation

5 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[6 Marks]Precipitation
Explain the methods of estimating missing rainfall data at a rain gauge station (arithmetic mean and normal ratio methods). How is the consistency of rainfall records tested and corrected using the Double Mass Curve technique?
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2083 Baishakh2080 Bhadra2078 Bhadra2076 Chaitra
#2Repeated 5 Times[6 Marks]Precipitation
What criteria govern the optimum number and location of rain gauge stations in a drainage basin? A drainage basin is monitored with eight rainfall gauging stations with observed annual rainfall: 110.0, 135.5, 150.4, 165.0, 180.6, 195.4, 160.0, and 145.7 cm. If the allowable error in estimating the mean annual rainfall is 5%, determine the optimum number of additional rain gauges required.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2081 Bhadra2079 Bhadra2078 Bhadra2075 Chaitra
#3Repeated 5 Times[6 Marks]Precipitation
Describe the three standard methods for calculating the mean areal precipitation over a catchment: (i) Arithmetic Mean method, (ii) Thiessen Polygon method, and (iii) Isohyetal method, highlighting their relative merits and limitations in mountainous terrain.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Bhadra2080 Baishakh2076 Chaitra2073 Shrawan
#4Repeated 3 Times[6 Marks]Precipitation
Explain the presentation of rainfall data: Hyetograph, Mass curve of rainfall, and Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) curves. Explain Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves and their civil engineering design importance.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Bhadra2079 Chaitra
#5Repeated 3 Times[6 Marks]Precipitation
How is rainfall data checked for consistency? Describe the Double Mass Curve analysis procedure with a neat sketch and explain how inconsistent rain gauge records are adjusted.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2080 Chaitra2077 Magh

Abstractions from Precipitation (Hydrological Losses)

5 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[5 Marks]Abstractions from Precipitation (Hydrological Losses)
What is the Φ-index (phi-index) and how does it differ from the W-index? A 6-hour storm produces a total rainfall of 12.0 cm. If the phi-index of the catchment is 0.8 cm/hr, calculate the total direct surface runoff and runoff coefficient.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2082 Bhadra2080 Bhadra2078 Bhadra2076 Chaitra
#2Repeated 5 Times[6 Marks]Abstractions from Precipitation (Hydrological Losses)
Estimate the Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) for an agricultural field near Birgunj during April using Penman's method, given: Mean temperature = 28°C, Relative humidity = 70%, Wind speed at 2 m height = 1.5 m/s, Net radiation = 10.1 mm/day, Slope of saturation vapor pressure curve Δ = 1.8 mm/°C, and Psychrometric constant γ = 0.49 mm/°C.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2083 Baishakh2080 Bhadra2078 Bhadra2074 Ashwin
#3Repeated 4 Times[6 Marks]Abstractions from Precipitation (Hydrological Losses)
State Horton's infiltration equation fp = fc + (f0 - fc)*e^(-kh*t). Explain the physical meaning of initial infiltration capacity f0, steady state capacity fc, and decay constant kh. Describe the measurement of infiltration using a double-ring infiltrometer.
Appeared in:2081 Bhadra2080 Baishakh2078 Bhadra2075 Chaitra
#4Repeated 4 Times[8 Marks]Abstractions from Precipitation (Hydrological Losses)
Explain Horton's infiltration equation: $f_p = f_c + (f_0 - f_c)e^{-k_h t}$. Explain $\phi$-index and $W$-index. A storm of 4-hour duration has rainfall depths of 25, 40, 35, and 15 mm in successive hours. If total runoff is 55 mm, calculate the $\phi$-index.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Chaitra2079 Baishakh2076 Chaitra
#5Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Abstractions from Precipitation (Hydrological Losses)
Explain the methods for estimating lake evaporation: Water budget method, Energy balance method, and Penman's equation combining aerodynamic and energy balance terms.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2080 Baishakh2078 Bhadra

Surface Runoff

1 Question
#1Repeated 4 Times[5 Marks]Surface Runoff
What is meant by rainfall-runoff modeling? Explain its basic components (catchment physical characteristics, overland flow, channel routing) and factors affecting the runoff hydrograph shape.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2081 Bhadra2078 Bhadra2076 Chaitra

Streamflow Measurement

4 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[8 Marks]Streamflow Measurement
What is a stage-discharge rating curve? Describe the mid-section and mean-section methods of river streamflow measurement using a current meter (two-point method at 0.2d and 0.8d). Calculate the total river discharge from given sounding depths and current meter revolution data.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2083 Baishakh2080 Bhadra2078 Bhadra2076 Chaitra
#2Repeated 4 Times[6 Marks]Streamflow Measurement
Describe the chemical tracer dilution technique (constant rate injection method and sudden gulp injection method) for measuring streamflow in turbulent mountain streams where conventional current metering is unfeasible.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2080 Baishakh2079 Bhadra2075 Chaitra
#3Repeated 3 Times[6 Marks]Streamflow Measurement
Explain stream gauging using the Area-Velocity method. Compare 0.6 depth method and two-point (0.2 and 0.8 depth) velocity observation methods using a current meter.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2081 Baishakh2078 Chaitra
#4Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Streamflow Measurement
What is a stage-discharge rating curve ($Q = C_r (G - G_0)^\beta$)? Explain how the rating curve is established and how shifting control occurs due to scour, silting, and weed growth.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2080 Chaitra2076 Chaitra

Hydrograph Analysis

6 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[5 Marks]Hydrograph Analysis
Why do we need to separate baseflow in flood hydrograph analysis? Describe three standard methods of baseflow separation: (i) Straight-line method, (ii) Two-line (fixed base) method, and (iii) Recession curve extension method.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2081 Bhadra2080 Baishakh2078 Bhadra2074 Ashwin
#2Repeated 5 Times[5 Marks]Hydrograph Analysis
Define Unit Hydrograph (UH) and explain its fundamental assumptions: time invariance and linear response. What are the limitations and applications of unit hydrograph theory?
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Bhadra2080 Baishakh2078 Bhadra2076 Chaitra
#3Repeated 5 Times[8 Marks]Hydrograph Analysis
Given the ordinates of a 4-hour Unit Hydrograph of a river catchment, derive the 6-hour Unit Hydrograph using the S-curve technique. Determine the peak discharge and time to peak of the derived 6-hour UH.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2082 Bhadra2081 Bhadra2080 Bhadra2078 Bhadra
#4Repeated 5 Times[6 Marks]Hydrograph Analysis
Explain Snyder's method for developing a Synthetic Unit Hydrograph for ungauged catchments. Define basin lag tp, peak discharge Qp, time base tb, and width of unit hydrograph at 50% and 75% peak discharge (W50 and W75).
Appeared in:2081 Bhadra2080 Baishakh2078 Bhadra2075 Chaitra2072
#5Repeated 4 Times[8 Marks]Hydrograph Analysis
Explain the S-curve (S-hydrograph) technique. How is an S-curve constructed and used to derive a $T$-hour unit hydrograph from an available $D$-hour unit hydrograph?
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Bhadra2077 Chaitra2075 Bhadra
#6Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Hydrograph Analysis
Explain Snyder's synthetic unit hydrograph method. Define basin lag ($t_p$), peak discharge ($Q_p$), time base ($T_b$), and widths at $50\%$ and $75\%$ peak discharge ($W_{50}, W_{75}$) in ungauged catchments.
Appeared in:2081 Chaitra2079 Chaitra2075 Bhadra

Flood Hydrology

4 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[8 Marks]Flood Hydrology
Explain Gumbel's Extreme Value Type-I (EV-I) distribution for flood frequency analysis. From the annual maximum flood series of a river, calculate the design flood magnitude for a return period of 100 years and 500 years, and calculate the risk that this flood will be equaled or exceeded during a structure's 50-year design lifetime.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2083 Baishakh2080 Bhadra2078 Bhadra2076 Chaitra
#2Repeated 4 Times[5 Marks]Flood Hydrology
Define flash flood and discuss its primary meteorological and hydrological causes in Nepal. Explain how climate change influences the occurrence and intensity of flash floods and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs).
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2081 Bhadra2080 Bhadra2078 Bhadra
#3Repeated 4 Times[8 Marks]Flood Hydrology
Explain Gumbel's Extreme Value Type-I distribution for flood frequency analysis: $x_T = \bar{x} + K_T \sigma_n$ where $K_T = \frac{y_T - \bar{y}_n}{S_n}$ and $y_T = -\ln[\ln(T/(T-1))]$.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2080 Baishakh2078 Chaitra2075 Chaitra
#4Repeated 3 Times[6 Marks]Flood Hydrology
Define return period ($T$), hydrologic risk ($R = 1 - (1 - 1/T)^n$), and reliability. Calculate the risk of a 100-year design flood being equaled or exceeded at least once during the 40-year design life of a bridge.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Chaitra2080 Chaitra

Flood Routing

4 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[8 Marks]Flood Routing
Using the Muskingum method, route an inflow flood hydrograph through a channel reach with storage time constant K = 10 hours and weighting factor x = 0.3. Determine the Muskingum routing coefficients C0, C1, C2, and calculate the peak outflow discharge and its time lag.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2082 Bhadra2081 Bhadra2080 Bhadra2078 Bhadra
#2Repeated 4 Times[6 Marks]Flood Routing
Describe the Modified Puls (Storage-Indication) method for hydrologic reservoir flood routing. Formulate the routing equation in finite-difference form and explain the preparation and use of the (S/Δt + Q/2) vs Q curve.
Appeared in:2080 Baishakh2078 Bhadra2076 Chaitra2073 Shrawan
#3Repeated 4 Times[8 Marks]Flood Routing
Explain reservoir flood routing (Modified Puls method). Derive the storage indication curve equation: $\frac{2S_2}{\Delta t} + O_2 = (I_1 + I_2) + (\frac{2S_1}{\Delta t} - O_1)$.
Appeared in:2081 Bhadra2079 Baishakh2077 Magh2074 Bhadra
#4Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Flood Routing
Explain the Muskingum method of channel flood routing: $Q_2 = C_0 I_2 + C_1 I_1 + C_2 Q_1$. Show that $C_0 + C_1 + C_2 = 1$ and explain the physical significance of routing constants $K$ and $x$.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2080 Baishakh2076 Bhadra

Curriculum Syllabus & Course Topics

Sourced from TU curriculum portal
Full Syllabus (PDF)Micro Syllabus (PDF)
Chapter-wise Units & Micro-Syllabus Topics (8 Units)

  1. 1. Introduction

    • 1.1Scope and application of engineering hydrology
    • 1.2Hydrologic cycle and water balance equations
    • 1.3Development of Hydro- Meteorological study and data in Nepal
    • 1.4Delineation of hydrological boundary and its characterization

  2. 2. Precipitation

    • 2.1Causes, forms and types of precipitation
    • 2.2Rainstorm hydrology 2.2.1 Rainfall Measurement: Types, network and adequacy of rain-gauges
    • 2.2.2Preparation of rainfall data: Estimation of missing rainfall data; Test for consistency of record by double mass curve
    • 2.2.3Presentation of rainfall data: Mass curve; Hyetograph; Point rainfall; Moving average annual rainfall graph
    • 2.2.4Cumulative distribution and probability density functions of rainfall
    • 2.2.5Mean rainfall over an area: Arithmetic mean, Thiessen and Isohyets
    • 2.2.6Depth duration, depth area duration and intensity duration frequency curves
    • 2.2.7Frequency of rainfall; Goodness of fit test (Chi square test)
    • 2.2.8Probable maximum precipitation
    • 2.3Snowstorm hydrology 2.3.1 Snow climatology, snow distribution and snowpack condition
    • 2.3.2Snowfall measurement: Snow depth, snow stakes and snow boards
    • 2.3.3Water equivalent of snow: Snow density; snow gauges and tubes
    • 2.3.4Remote sensing of snowpack; Ultrasonic snow depth sensor
    • 2.3.5Snow-melting runoff process; Snowmelt-runoff modeling
    • 2.3.6Changing snowpack and glaciers in a warming world
    • 2.3.7Snow avalanches

  3. 3. Abstractions from Precipitation (Hydrological Losses)

    • 3.1Initial losses (Interception and depression storage)
    • 3.2Evaporation 3.2.1 Meteorological Parameters (Radiation, temperature, vapor pressure, humidity and wind speed)
    • 3.2.2Measurement of evaporation by different types of Evaporimeters
    • 3.2.3Empirical evaporation equations (Meyer’s and Rohwer’s methods)
    • 3.2.4Evaporation estimation by water- budget, energy-budget and mass transfer
    • 3.3Evapotranspiration 3.3.1Actual evapotranspiration and Lysimeters
    • 3.3.2Potential evapotranspiration (Penman’s equation)
    • 3.4Infiltration 3.4.1 Measurement of infiltration by Infiltrometers
    • 3.4.2Infiltration models (Horton, Kostiakov, Phillip and Green-Ampt)
    • 3.4.3Infiltration indices (Φ and W)

  4. 4. Surface Runoff

    • 4.1Factors affecting runoff from a catchment
    • 4.2Runoff characteristics of rivers and streams
    • 4.3Rainfall runoff relations
    • 4.4Monthly flows by regional formulae (MIP 1990, WECS 1990, MHSP 1997)
    • 4.5Annual runoff hydrograph
    • 4.6Basics of rainfall-runoff modeling

  5. 5. Streamflow Measurement

    • 5.1Stream gauging (site selection for stage and flow measurements)
    • 5.2Stage measurement (Staff and wire gauges; float gauge recorder; bubble gauge; radar)
    • 5.3Velocity measurement techniques
    • 5.4Streamflow measurement by velocity area method
    • 5.5Streamflow estimation by slope area method
    • 5.6Streamflow measurement through structures (Notches, weirs and flumes) 5. 7 Rating curves: Development (Permanent and shifting control); Extrapolation and application

  6. 6. Hydrograph Analysis

    • 6.1Components of a storm hydrograph
    • 6.2Factors affecting shape of storm hydrographs
    • 6.3Separation of base flow
    • 6.4Effective rainfall hyetograph and direct runoff hydrograph
    • 6.5Unit hydrographs, their uses and limitations
    • 6.6Derivation of unit hydrographs from isolated and complex storms
    • 6.7Derivation of unit hydrographs of different durations
    • 6.8Synthetic unit hydrograph (Snyder’s method)

  7. 7. Flood Hydrology

    • 7.1Design flood and its frequency
    • 7.2Relation of flood frequency with risk and lifespan of structure
    • 7.3Design floods in gauged basins by frequency analysis 7.3.1Plotting positions and probability distributions for flood prediction
    • 7.3.2Flood statistics and frequency factors
    • 7.3.3Gumbel extreme value Type I distribution
    • 7.3.4Log Pearson Type III distribution
    • 7.3.5Log Normal distribution
    • 7.3.6Goodness of fit tests
    • 7.4Design floods in ungauged basins 7.4.1 Rational method using Mononobe’s equation for intensity
    • 7.4.2Rainfall-Runoff methods (Snyder, BD Richard, PCJ models)
    • 7.4.3Regional empirical methods (Dickens, WECS, MHSP, DHM Methods)
    • 7.5Flash floods 7.5.1 Intense rainfall (Cloud outburst; stationary monsoon troughs; monsoon depressions)
    • 7.5.2Geo-environmental (Glacial lake and landslide dammed outburst floods)
    • 7.5.3Impact of climate change on flash floods
    • 7.6Basics of flood modeling

  8. 8. Flood Routing

    • 8.1Concept of reservoir and channel routing; basic equations
    • 8.2Hydrologic channel routing (Prism and wedge storage)
    • 8.3Muskingum equation and estimation of parameters (K and x)
    • 8.4Muskingum method of channel routing (Linear reservoir)
    • 8.5Clark’s method for IUH (Time area histogram)
    • 20.80100

Examination Scheme & Marks Distribution

Evaluation Structure

  • Final Board Theory Exam: 60 Marks (Pass mark: 24)
  • Internal Assessment: 40 Marks (Pass mark: 16)
  • Practical / Lab Exam: 25 or 50 Marks (Continuous lab evaluation + viva, where applicable)

* This is the general current IOE 60/40 scheme; verify course-specific details in the syllabus above.

Exam Preparation Guidelines

  • Review the 2 available past examination papers to identify recurring patterns, core problem types, and chapter weightage.
  • Cross-reference key answers with official syllabus units, standard textbooks, and lecture notes.
  • Structure answers with labeled diagrams, concise bullet points, and highlight final answers in numerical solutions.

Frequently Asked Questions (Engineering Hydrology)

Q: How can I download Engineering Hydrology past question papers?

You can preview or download the Engineering Hydrology question papers (PDF) directly using the built-in viewer on this page with zero redirects or paywalls.

Q: What is the pass mark for Engineering Hydrology?

The general current scheme is a 60-mark final theory exam and a 40-mark internal assessment, with pass marks of 24 and 16. Verify the course-specific syllabus above.

Q: Where can I find the complete syllabus for this subject?

The available chapter-wise syllabus and topic breakdown is indexed in the Syllabus section above, with links to the curriculum PDF source.

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