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ENCE 301Bachelor in Agriculture Engineering · Semester 51 Paper Available

Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

Past examination question papers and complete curriculum syllabus for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering (ENCE 301), Bachelor in Agriculture Engineering Semester 5 under Institute of Engineering (IOE), Tribhuvan University.

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Note: This question paper file (6th sem) was archived from an IOE exam session for the common Irrigation and Drainage Engineering curriculum.

6th-sem_Irrigation and Drainage Engineering.pdf

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Most Frequently Asked Questions

Top recurring IOE board exam questions for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering with verified mark schemes, formula notation, and recurrence frequency.

Showing 30 of 30 top repeated questions

Introduction

2 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[5 Marks]Introduction
Explain the necessity, benefits, and ill-effects of irrigation. Compare surface irrigation methods with modern pressurized irrigation techniques (drip and sprinkler irrigation) with respect to water use efficiency and terrain adaptability in Nepal.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2082 Kartik2081 Chaitra2080 Ashwin2078 Chaitra
#2Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Introduction
Describe the advantages and ill-effects of irrigation. Compare surface irrigation (furrow, border strip, basin flood), sprinkler irrigation, and drip (trickle) irrigation systems in terms of water use efficiency and terrain suitability.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Bhadra2079 Chaitra

Irrigation Water Requirements and Water Availability

6 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[6 Marks]Irrigation Water Requirements and Water Availability
Define Duty, Delta, Base Period, and Crop Period. Derive the relationship between Duty (D in hectares/cumec) and Delta (Δ in meters): Δ = (8.64*B)/D. Explain water conveyance, water application, water storage, and water distribution efficiencies.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2081 Ashwin2079 Chaitra2078 Chaitra2076 Baisakh
#2Repeated 5 Times[8 Marks]Irrigation Water Requirements and Water Availability
The transplantation of rice usually takes two weeks and the total depth of water required is 48 cm in the field. Due to monsoon rain, about 5 cm of the water demand is fulfilled. Taking 10% transmission losses from the distributary head to the watercourse head and 12% losses in the watercourse, compute: (a) Duty of water at the head of the watercourse, and (b) Duty of water at the head of the distributary.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2080 Ashwin2078 Chaitra2076 Bhadra2075 Bhadra
#3Repeated 5 Times[6 Marks]Irrigation Water Requirements and Water Availability
Explain the soil-moisture-plant relationship: define Saturation Capacity, Field Capacity (FC), Permanent Wilting Point (PWP), and Readily Available Moisture (RAM). Calculate the net irrigation requirement, gross irrigation requirement, and frequency of irrigation for given soil and crop parameters.
Appeared in:2081 Chaitra2081 Ashwin2079 Chaitra2077 Chaitra2075 Bhadra
#4Repeated 4 Times[6 Marks]Irrigation Water Requirements and Water Availability
Establish the mathematical relationship between Duty ($D$ in ha/cumec), Delta ($\Delta$ in m), and Base Period ($B$ in days): $\Delta = \frac{8.64 B}{D}$.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2080 Baishakh2078 Bhadra2076 Chaitra
#5Repeated 3 Times[6 Marks]Irrigation Water Requirements and Water Availability
Define: Gross Command Area (GCA), Culturable Command Area (CCA), Intensity of Irrigation, Kor watering, Kor period, Kor depth, and Paleo irrigation.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2080 Chaitra2077 Magh
#6Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Irrigation Water Requirements and Water Availability
Explain crop water requirements: Consumptive use ($ET_c = K_c \cdot ET_0$), Effective rainfall, Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR), Field Irrigation Requirement (FIR), and Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR).
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Chaitra2079 Baishakh

Canal Irrigation System and Design of Canals

6 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[6 Marks]Canal Irrigation System and Design of Canals
What is meant by 'balancing depth of cutting' in canal excavation and how is it determined? Explain different types of canal alignments (ridge or watershed canal, contour canal, and side-slope canal) with neat sketches.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2082 Kartik2081 Chaitra2078 Chaitra2076 Baisakh
#2Repeated 5 Times[8 Marks]Canal Irrigation System and Design of Canals
A stable alluvial canal is to be designed for a discharge of 40 m^3/s and silt factor f = 1.1 using Lacey's regime equations. Calculate the cross-sectional dimensions, wetted perimeter, and bed slope. What would be the bed width of this channel if designed using Kennedy's theory with critical velocity ratio m = 1.0?
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2082 Kartik2081 Ashwin2079 Chaitra2076 Bhadra
#3Repeated 5 Times[8 Marks]Canal Irrigation System and Design of Canals
Design a triangular/trapezoidal concrete-lined canal to convey a discharge of 80 m^3/s laid on a longitudinal bed slope of 1 in 4000. Manning's roughness coefficient n = 0.015 and side slope is 1.25:1. Discuss the economic justification and water saving of canal lining.
Appeared in:2081 Chaitra2080 Ashwin2078 Chaitra2077 Chaitra2075 Bhadra
#4Repeated 4 Times[8 Marks]Canal Irrigation System and Design of Canals
Design an irrigation channel using Lacey's regime theory to carry a discharge of $30\text{ m}^3/\text{s}$ with a silt factor $f = 1.0$. Determine the regime velocity, hydraulic mean radius, wetted perimeter, and bed slope.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2081 Baishakh2078 Chaitra2075 Bhadra
#5Repeated 4 Times[8 Marks]Canal Irrigation System and Design of Canals
Design an unlined trapezoidal canal in alluvium using Kennedy's critical velocity ratio theory ($v_0 = 0.55 m y^{0.64}$) to convey $25\text{ m}^3/\text{s}$ with $m = 1.0$, side slopes $0.5:1$, bed slope $1/5000$, and Kutter's $N = 0.0225$.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2080 Chaitra2076 Chaitra2074 Bhadra
#6Repeated 3 Times[6 Marks]Canal Irrigation System and Design of Canals
Explain canal lining: benefits (seepage reduction, prevention of waterlogging, increased velocity, command area expansion), economic justification, and compare concrete, shotcrete, and brick tile linings.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Bhadra2077 Chaitra

Diversion Headworks

4 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[8 Marks]Diversion Headworks
Draw a neat plan layout of a diversion headwork (barrage/weir) showing all its components. Describe the functions of: (i) Undersluices, (ii) Divide wall, (iii) Fish ladder, (iv) Silt excluder and silt ejector, and (v) Canal head regulator.
Appeared in:2082 Kartik2081 Chaitra2080 Ashwin2079 Chaitra2076 Baisakh
#2Repeated 5 Times[8 Marks]Diversion Headworks
Compare Bligh's Creep Theory, Lane's Weighted Creep Theory, and Khosla's Theory of independent variables for the design of weir floors on permeable alluvial foundations. Define Exit Gradient and state its permissible values for different soil strata.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2082 Kartik2080 Ashwin2078 Chaitra2076 Bhadra
#3Repeated 5 Times[12 Marks]Diversion Headworks
For a weir floor with upstream and downstream cutoff sheet piles, determine the uplift pressure at the key points using Khosla's method of independent variables, applying corrections for: (i) mutual interference of piles, (ii) thickness of floor, and (iii) sloping floor. Check the structure against exit gradient and determine floor thicknesses.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2081 Ashwin2081 Chaitra2079 Chaitra2075 Bhadra
#4Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Diversion Headworks
Explain silt control devices at canal headworks: Silt Excluders (located in the river pocket upstream of undersluices) and Silt Ejectors / Extractors (located in the canal downstream of the head regulator).
Appeared in:2081 Chaitra2079 Chaitra2075 Bhadra

River Training Works

3 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[8 Marks]River Training Works
Explain the objectives and classification of river training works (high, low, and mean water training). Design the length, radius of curved head, length and thickness of the launching apron of a guide bund for an alluvial river with design flood discharge of 4500 m^3/s and mean bed material diameter d50 = 0.35 mm.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2082 Kartik2081 Chaitra2080 Ashwin2078 Chaitra
#2Repeated 4 Times[6 Marks]River Training Works
Describe the types, functions, and hydraulic behavior of groynes/spurs (attracting, repelling, and deflecting spurs) with neat sketches. How is the maximum depth of scour around the spur nose determined using Lacey's formula?
Appeared in:2082 Kartik2080 Ashwin2078 Chaitra2076 Bhadra
#3Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]River Training Works
Explain guide bunds (Bell's bunds) at bridge and barrage sites: layout, length, radii of curved heads, shank design, stone pitching, and launching apron thickness and length ($1.5 D_s$).
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2080 Baishakh2078 Chaitra

Canal Regulating Structures

3 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[8 Marks]Canal Regulating Structures
Describe the functions of canal falls (drops). Design the crest level, crest length, and cistern dimensions of a Sharda-type vertical drop fall or Glacis fall for a given canal discharge, bed width, full supply depth, and drop height.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2081 Chaitra2079 Chaitra2078 Chaitra2076 Baisakh
#2Repeated 4 Times[6 Marks]Canal Regulating Structures
Explain the functions of canal cross-regulators, distributary head regulators, and canal escapes. Describe how discharge is controlled and measured using Parshall flumes and adjustable orifice semi-modules.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2081 Ashwin2078 Chaitra2075 Bhadra
#3Repeated 3 Times[6 Marks]Canal Regulating Structures
Explain the design criteria of canal outlets (modules): non-modular, semi-modular (flexible), and rigid modular outlets. Define flexibility, sensitivity, and efficiency of a canal outlet.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Chaitra2080 Chaitra

Cross-Drainage Structures

3 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[10 Marks]Cross-Drainage Structures
Classify cross-drainage (CD) structures: Aqueduct, Syphon Aqueduct, Superpassage, Canal Syphon, Level Crossing, and Inlet-Outlet with neat sketches. Design the drainage waterway, canal flumed waterway, and transition reaches for a Syphon Aqueduct.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2081 Chaitra2080 Ashwin2078 Chaitra2076 Baisakh
#2Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Cross-Drainage Structures
Describe the factors governing the selection of suitable types of cross-drainage structures: relative bed levels of canal and stream, high flood level (HFL), canal full supply level (FSL), and foundation conditions.
Appeared in:2081 Bhadra2079 Baishakh2077 Magh
#3Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Cross-Drainage Structures
Design the hydraulic waterway, barrel dimensions, and head loss through a siphon aqueduct conveying a canal discharge over a drainage torrent.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2080 Baishakh2076 Bhadra

Waterlogging and Drainage

3 Questions
#1Repeated 5 Times[8 Marks]Waterlogging and Drainage
List out the primary causes, harmful effects, and preventive/curative measures of waterlogging. Determine the diameter of a circular agricultural tile drain to drain 6 hectares of land having a drainage coefficient of 1.5 cm/day laid on a gradient of 0.4% with Manning's n = 0.013.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2081 Chaitra2080 Ashwin2079 Chaitra2076 Baisakh
#2Repeated 4 Times[6 Marks]Waterlogging and Drainage
Derive Hooghoudt's equation for calculating the steady-state spacing of subsurface agricultural drainage pipes placed above an impervious layer under uniform recharge.
Appeared in:2081 Ashwin2080 Ashwin2077 Chaitra2075 Bhadra
#3Repeated 3 Times[6 Marks]Waterlogging and Drainage
Explain the design principles of agricultural subsurface tile drainage systems. How are drain depth, drain spacing, and drainage coefficient determined for gravity relief?
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Chaitra2078 Bhadra

Curriculum Syllabus & Course Topics

Sourced from TU curriculum portal
Full Syllabus (PDF)
Chapter-wise Units & Micro-Syllabus Topics (8 Units)

  1. 1. Introduction

    • 1.1Definition, need and advantages of irrigation and drainage
    • 1.2Disadvantages of over irrigation and waterlogging
    • 1.3Status, need and challenges of irrigation development in Nepal
    • 1.4Crops, their seasons and periods, cropping pattern and intensity
    • 1.5Commanded areas and irrigation intensity
    • 1.6Methods of field irrigation and their suitability
    • 1.7Planning of irrigation and drainage projects

  2. 2. Irrigation Water Requirements and Water Availability

    • 2.1Relation between duty, delta and crop periods
    • 2.2Crop water requirements by Penman’s method
    • 2.3Operational water requirements; Losses due to seepage and evaporation
    • 2.4Effective rainfall
    • 2.5Irrigation efficiencies and irrigation water requirements
    • 2.6Soil-moisture-irrigation relation
    • 2.7Depth and frequency of irrigation
    • 2.8Design discharges for canals
    • 2.9Water available at source compared to irrigation requirement

  3. 3. Canal Irrigation System and Design of Canals

    • 3.1Classification of canals
    • 3.2Components of a canal irrigation system
    • 3.3Alignment of canals
    • 3.4Canal standards and balancing canal depth
    • 3.5Canal distribution system and methods of water distribution
    • 3.6Sediment transport in canals and tractive force approach of canal design
    • 3.7Design of non-alluvial stable canals
    • 3.8Silt theories and design of alluvial canals by Lacey and Kennedy
    • 3.9Design of lined canals with economic analysis

  4. 4. Diversion Headworks

    • 4.1River stages and suitable location of headworks
    • 4.2Component parts of weir/barrage (Detail drawing)
    • 4.3Bligh’s, Lane’s and Khosla’s seepage theories for foundation
    • 4.4Design of weir and barrage with sloping glacies (Crest, length and thickness of impervious floor)
    • 4.5Design of under sluice and silt excluder
    • 4.6Design of head regulator (Crest, length and thickness of impervious floor)
    • 4.7Design considerations of settling basin and silt ejector

  5. 5. River Training Works

    • 5.1River characteristics and need of river training
    • 5.2Classification and methods of river training
    • 5.3Design of guide bund and launching apron
    • 5.4Spurs (Types and design considerations)
    • 5.5Flood control (Structural and non-structural methods)

  6. 6. Canal Regulating Structures

    • 6.1Alignment of the off-taking channels
    • 6.2Function of head and cross regulators, outlets, drops and escapes
    • 6.3Design of regulators and escapes (Crest, length and thickness of impervious floor)
    • 6.4Types of outlet; Design of pipe outlet (Free and submerged)
    • 6.5Types of drop; Design of vertical drop (Crest, length and thickness of impervious floor)

  7. 7. Cross-Drainage Structures

    • 7.1Need of cross-drainage works
    • 7.2Types and selection of cross-drainage structures with sketch
    • 7.3Design of siphon aqueduct (Detail drawing, drainage waterway and barrel, canal waterway and transition, RCC aqueduct, length and thickness of impervious floor, protection works)

  8. 8. Waterlogging and Drainage

    • 8.1Causes and effects of waterlogging
    • 8.2Symptoms of waterlogging and their detection
    • 8.3Preventive and remedial measures of waterlogging in irrigated land
    • 8.4Drainage of irrigated field and land reclamation
    • 8.5Surface drainage systems and their design
    • 8.5.1Layout planning of drainage and types of surface drains
    • 8.5.2Internal drainage of bunded fields (Drain design discharge)
    • 8.5.3External drainage of lands from flooding
    • 8.5.4Design of surface drains (water level, maximum and minimum slopes and cross section)
    • 8.5.5Remodeling of existing natural drains
    • 8.6Subsurface drainage systems and their design
    • 8.6.1Layout of subsurface drainage system
    • 8.6.2Flow of ground water to drains and spacing of tile drains
    • 8.6.3Economic diameter of tile drains

Examination Scheme & Marks Distribution

Evaluation Structure

  • Final Board Theory Exam: 60 Marks (Pass mark: 24)
  • Internal Assessment: 40 Marks (Pass mark: 16)
  • Practical / Lab Exam: 25 or 50 Marks (Continuous lab evaluation + viva, where applicable)

* This is the general current IOE 60/40 scheme; verify course-specific details in the syllabus above.

Exam Preparation Guidelines

  • Review the available past examination paper to understand question styling, typical derivation topics, and marks allocation.
  • Cross-reference key answers with official syllabus units, standard textbooks, and lecture notes.
  • Structure answers with labeled diagrams, concise bullet points, and highlight final answers in numerical solutions.

Frequently Asked Questions (Irrigation and Drainage Engineering)

Q: How can I download Irrigation and Drainage Engineering past question papers?

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Q: What is the pass mark for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering?

The general current scheme is a 60-mark final theory exam and a 40-mark internal assessment, with pass marks of 24 and 16. Verify the course-specific syllabus above.

Q: Where can I find the complete syllabus for this subject?

The available chapter-wise syllabus and topic breakdown is indexed in the Syllabus section above, with links to the curriculum PDF source.

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