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ENEX 301Bachelor in Electronics, Communication and Information Engineering · Semester 52 Papers Available

Filter Design

Past examination question papers and complete curriculum syllabus for Filter Design (ENEX 301), Bachelor in Electronics, Communication and Information Engineering Semester 5 under Institute of Engineering (IOE), Tribhuvan University.

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Most Frequently Asked Questions

Top recurring IOE board exam questions for Filter Design with verified mark schemes, formula notation, and recurrence frequency.

Showing 30 of 30 top repeated questions

Approximation Methods

5 Questions
#1Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Approximation Methods
Compare Butterworth, Chebyshev Type-I, Chebyshev Type-II (Inverse Chebyshev), and Elliptic (Cauer) filter approximations in terms of pole-zero locations, transition width, and passband/stopband ripple characteristics.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Ashwin2078 Bhadra
#2Repeated 3 Times[6 Marks]Approximation Methods
Explain Bessel (Maximally Flat Delay) Filter Approximation. Derive the Thomson polynomial and discuss why Bessel filters provide linear phase response and zero ringing/overshoot in pulse transmission.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2080 Ashwin2077 Magh
#3Repeated 2 Times[9 Marks]Approximation Methods
Derive an expression to calculate the order of a Butterworth low pass filter. Use this expression to calculate the order of Butterworth low pass filter with the following specifications: Maximum passband attenuation $\alpha_{\max} = 3\text{ dB}$ at $1\text{ kHz}$, Minimum stopband attenuation $\alpha_{\min} = 40\text{ dB}$ at $2.5\text{ kHz}$. Also determine the pole locations and transfer function.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Chaitra
#4Repeated 2 Times[9 Marks]Approximation Methods
Derive an expression to calculate the required order for given low pass specifications using Chebyshev approximation. Using the derived expression, calculate the order of Chebyshev filter for following specifications: $\alpha_{\max} = 0.5\text{ dB}$ (or $1\text{ dB}$), $\alpha_{\min} = 15\text{ dB}$ (or $18\text{ dB}$), $\omega_p = 1000\text{ rad/s}$, $\omega_s = 2000\text{ rad/s}$ (or $1400\text{ rad/s}$). Also determine pole locations and transfer function.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2082 Chaitra
#5Repeated 2 Times[5 Marks]Approximation Methods
What is an all-pass filter and constant delay filter? State its importance in phase equalization. Find the transfer function of a third order Bessel-Thomson response having constant delay.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Bhadra

Frequency Transformation

3 Questions
#1Repeated 3 Times[7 Marks]Frequency Transformation
Compare and contrast between ideal and practical filters. Explain the significance of magnitude scaling and frequency scaling used in filter design, and derive the necessary formulae to modify component values from $\omega_{\text{old}}$ to $\omega_{\text{new}}$.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Bhadra2082 Chaitra
#2Repeated 3 Times[4 Marks]Frequency Transformation
Describe the frequency transformation from prototype low-pass filter to band-pass filter and high-pass filter with necessary mathematical derivations and examples.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Bhadra2082 Chaitra
#3Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Frequency Transformation
Derive the Frequency Transformation formulas to map a normalized low-pass filter prototype ($s$) to High-Pass ($S = \Omega_0/s$), Band-Pass ($S = \frac{s^2 + \omega_0^2}{B s}$), and Band-Stop filters.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Chaitra2078 Bhadra

Properties and Synthesis of Passive Networks

5 Questions
#1Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Properties and Synthesis of Passive Networks
State the necessary and sufficient properties of Positive Real (PR) functions. Test whether $F(s) = \frac{s^2 + 2s + 6}{s^2 + 3s + 2}$ is a positive real function.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2080 Chaitra2077 Magh
#2Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Properties and Synthesis of Passive Networks
Synthesize Foster-I and Foster-II realization networks for a driving-point LC impedance function $Z(s) = \frac{10(s^2 + 4)(s^2 + 16)}{s(s^2 + 9)}$.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2080 Ashwin2078 Kartik
#3Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Properties and Synthesis of Passive Networks
Synthesize Cauer-I and Cauer-II ladder networks for a driving-point RC impedance function $Z(s) = \frac{(s + 1)(s + 3)}{s(s + 2)}$.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Ashwin2079 Chaitra
#4Repeated 2 Times[8 Marks]Properties and Synthesis of Passive Networks
Determine whether the following functions are valid RC driving point impedance/admittance functions or not. State with reason: (a) $Z(s) = \frac{(s+3)(s+6)}{(s+1)(s+5)}$, (b) $Z(s) = \frac{2(s+1)(s+3)}{(s+2)(s+4)}$. Pick the valid RC function and synthesize it with Foster-II and Cauer-I form.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Bhadra
#5Repeated 1 Times[8 Marks]Properties and Synthesis of Passive Networks
Which of the following is an LC lossless function and why? Pick one of the valid LC lossless functions and realize it using Foster-I and Cauer-I form: (a) $Z_1(s) = \frac{s(s^2+4)(s^2+6)}{(s^2+3)(s^2+9)}$, (b) $Z_2(s) = \frac{(s^2+3)(s^2+6)}{s(s^2+4)(s^2+9)}$.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra

Design of Resistively- Terminated Lossless Filters

3 Questions
#1Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Design of Resistively- Terminated Lossless Filters
Explain Darlington Synthesis procedure for doubly-terminated lossless two-port LC ladder filter networks with source and load resistances.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2080 Chaitra2076 Chaitra
#2Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Design of Resistively- Terminated Lossless Filters
What information can be obtained from the reflection coefficient in filter design? Design a third-order Butterworth high pass filter using resistively terminated lossless ladder with equal termination of $1\ \Omega$ for both source and load.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Bhadra
#3Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Design of Resistively- Terminated Lossless Filters
Simulate the fourth order Butterworth low-pass filter in resistively terminated lossless ladder network using FDNR (Bruton Transformation) or leapfrog simulation. Accommodate half power frequency of $1000\text{ rad/sec}$ (or $2000\text{ rad/sec}$) with practically realizable components.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Bhadra

Design of Active Filters

8 Questions
#1Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Design of Active Filters
Explain Sallen-Key Low-Pass and High-Pass active biquad filter topologies. Derive the voltage transfer function $T(s) = \frac{V_o(s)}{V_i(s)}$, resonant frequency $\omega_0$, and quality factor $Q$.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Chaitra2079 Chaitra
#2Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Design of Active Filters
Explain the Tow-Thomas Biquad and State-Variable Biquad architectures. Derive the simultaneous transfer functions for Low-Pass, Band-Pass, and High-Pass outputs.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2080 Ashwin2078 Bhadra
#3Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Design of Active Filters
Explain Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTA) and OTA-C (Gm-C) filter design. Synthesize a first-order and second-order low-pass filter using OTAs and grounded capacitors.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2080 Chaitra2078 Kartik
#4Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Design of Active Filters
Describe Inductor Simulation using Active RC Networks (Antoniou General Impedance Converter - GIC). Derive the simulated inductance $L = \frac{R_1 R_3 R_5 C_4}{R_2}$ and show how it replaces inductors in ladder filters.
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra2080 Chaitra2076 Chaitra
#5Repeated 2 Times[9 Marks]Design of Active Filters
Draw the circuit diagram of Tow-Thomas low pass biquad circuit and derive its transfer function. Design a second order low pass filter using Tow-Thomas biquad with poles at $-450 \pm j893.03$ and DC gain of $1.3$ (or $1.5$). Make sure the elements in the final circuit are of practically realizable values.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Chaitra
#6Repeated 2 Times[6 Marks]Design of Active Filters
What is Bruton Transformation? What is a Generalized Impedance Converter (GIC)? How can a GIC be used to simulate a grounded inductor and FDNR? Explain with circuit diagrams and derivations.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Bhadra
#7Repeated 1 Times[5 Marks]Design of Active Filters
Draw a neat circuit diagram of Tow-Thomas band-pass biquad and derive its transfer function. Design a band-pass filter with specified center frequency and bandwidth.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra
#8Repeated 1 Times[8 Marks]Design of Active Filters
Design a 5th order Butterworth LPF using cascade of 1st order active section and MFB biquads with DC gain equal to unity and half power frequency at $1\text{ kHz}$. Make the largest capacitance $0.1\ \mu\text{F}$.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra

Sensitivity

2 Questions
#1Repeated 3 Times[5 Marks]Sensitivity
Define sensitivity. Perform the sensitivity analysis for center frequency ($\omega_0$) and quality factor ($Q$) of the Sallen-Key and Tow-Thomas low pass biquad with respect to all resistors and capacitors.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2082 Bhadra2082 Chaitra
#2Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Sensitivity
Define $\omega_0$-sensitivity and $Q$-sensitivity with respect to passive components ($R, C$) and active operational amplifier gain $K$: $S_x^y = \frac{x}{y} \frac{\partial y}{\partial x}$. Calculate sensitivities for a Sallen-Key biquad.
Appeared in:2082 Bhadra2081 Ashwin2077 Magh

Other Filters

4 Questions
#1Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Other Filters
Explain Switched Capacitor Filters (SCF). Prove that a parallel-switched capacitor resistor equivalent has resistance $R_{eq} = \frac{1}{f_c C}$. Discuss advantages of SC filters over active RC filters in VLSI integration.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh2081 Chaitra2079 Chaitra
#2Repeated 3 Times[8 Marks]Other Filters
Explain Current Conveyors (CCI, CCII, CCIII) in current-mode signal processing. Draw the port characteristics matrix of CCII+ and synthesize an active current-mode bandpass filter.
Appeared in:2081 Chaitra2079 Chaitra2078 Bhadra
#3Repeated 1 Times[4 Marks]Other Filters
What is the significance of using current-mode filters in electronic circuits? With basic block diagram and characteristic equations, explain first-generation current conveyor (CCI) and second-generation current conveyor (CCII).
Appeared in:2082 Chaitra
#4Repeated 1 Times[6 Marks]Other Filters
What are switched capacitor filters? Explain how an equivalent resistor is simulated using a switched capacitor ($R_{eq} = \frac{1}{f_c C}$) and state their advantages in MOS VLSI fabrication.
Appeared in:2083 Baishakh

Curriculum Syllabus & Course Topics

Sourced from TU curriculum portal
Full Syllabus (PDF)Micro Syllabus (PDF)
Chapter-wise Units & Micro-Syllabus Topics (8 Units)

  1. 1. Introduction

    • 1.1Filter, its evolution and importance
    • 1.2Lowpass, highpass, bandpass, bandstop, allpass, passive and active filters
    • 1.3Filter response: Ideal (Brick wall) response and practical response
    • 1.4Filter parameters: Gain, attenuation, passband, stopband and transition band
    • 1.5Filter transfer function, frequency response, poles, zeros and their roles
    • 1.6Normalization and de- normalization in filter design
    • 1.7Impedance (Magnitude) scaling and frequency scaling

  2. 2. Approximation Methods

    • 2.1Approximation and its importance in filter design
    • 2.2Low pass approximations methods
    • 2.3Butterworth approximation
    • 2.4Chebyshev (Chebyshev type I) approximation
    • 2.5Inverse Chebyshev (Chebyshev type II) approximation
    • 2.6Cauer (Elliptic) approximation
    • 2.7Bessel-Thomson response
    • 2.8Delay equalization

  3. 3. Frequency Transformation

    • 3.1Frequency transformation and its importance in filter design
    • 3.2Low pass to high pass transformation
    • 3.3Low pass to band pass transformation
    • 3.4Low pass to band stop transformation

  4. 4. Properties and Synthesis of Passive Networks

    • 4.1One-port passive circuits
    • 4.2Two-port passive circuits

  5. 5. Design of Resistively- Terminated Lossless Filters

    • 5.1Properties of resistively- terminated lossless ladder circuit, transmission and reflection coefficients
    • 5.2Synthesis of LC ladder circuits to realize all-pole low pass functions and functions with finite transmission zeros

  6. 6. Design of Active Filters

    • 6.1First order active filters (Bilinear)
    • 6.2Second order active filters (Biquads)
    • 6.3Higher order active filters

  7. 7. Sensitivity

    • 7.1Sensitivity and importance of sensitivity analysis
    • 7.2Single parameter sensitivity
    • 7.3Centre frequency and Q- factor sensitivity
    • 7.4Sensitivity of biquads and passive filters

  8. 8. Other Filters

    • 8.1Switched Capacitor Filters
    • 8.2Current mode filters
    • 8.3Adaptive Filters
    • 8.4Current Conveyors

Examination Scheme & Marks Distribution

Evaluation Structure

  • Final Board Theory Exam: 60 Marks (Pass mark: 24)
  • Internal Assessment: 40 Marks (Pass mark: 16)
  • Practical / Lab Exam: 25 or 50 Marks (Continuous lab evaluation + viva, where applicable)

* This is the general current IOE 60/40 scheme; verify course-specific details in the syllabus above.

Exam Preparation Guidelines

  • Review the 2 available past examination papers to identify recurring patterns, core problem types, and chapter weightage.
  • Cross-reference key answers with official syllabus units, standard textbooks, and lecture notes.
  • Structure answers with labeled diagrams, concise bullet points, and highlight final answers in numerical solutions.

Frequently Asked Questions (Filter Design)

Q: How can I download Filter Design past question papers?

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Q: What is the pass mark for Filter Design?

The general current scheme is a 60-mark final theory exam and a 40-mark internal assessment, with pass marks of 24 and 16. Verify the course-specific syllabus above.

Q: Where can I find the complete syllabus for this subject?

The available chapter-wise syllabus and topic breakdown is indexed in the Syllabus section above, with links to the curriculum PDF source.

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