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ENCE 251Bachelor in Civil Engineering · Semester 42 Papers Available

Hydraulics

Past examination question papers and complete curriculum syllabus for Hydraulics (ENCE 251), Bachelor in Civil Engineering Semester 4 under Institute of Engineering (IOE), Tribhuvan University.

Sem 4 Subjects (8)View Full Semester Overview →
ENSH 251Communication EnglishENSH 253Probability and StatisticsENCE 251HydraulicsENCE 252Theory of Structures IIENCE 253Soil MechanicsENCE 254Water Supply EngineeringENCE 255Building TechnologyENCE 256Survey Camp
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Most Frequently Asked Questions

Top recurring IOE board exam questions for Hydraulics with verified mark schemes, formula notation, and recurrence frequency.

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Year-wise & Session-wise Exam Papers

Complete questions from each exam session (Regular & Back exams from 2082 to 2069) for Hydraulics. Click any session paper to expand.

Showing 120 questions across 19 exam session papers
Institute of Engineering • 2083 Baishakh Board Examination
Q1[8 Marks]Pipe Flow Problems
(a) Prove that the shear stress distribution in the case of steady laminar flow for circular pipe is linear. What is Prandtl Mixing Length? [3+1] (b) Reservoir ‘A’ water surface elevation 120 m is connected to reservoir B and C having surface elevation 70 m and 50 m respectively. A pipeline 150 mm diameter and 400 mm long connects reservoir ‘A’ to junction D. Reservoir B and C are connected to junction D by 75 mm diameter 100 m long and 100 mm diameter and 250 m long pipe line respectively. Assume friction factor f = 0.04 for all pipes, estimate the rate of flow for each pipe, neglecting minor head losses.
Q2[6 Marks]Unsteady Flow in Pipes
(a) Define Conveyance and Section factor (Uniform and critical flow). Derive the condition for hydraulically efficient side slopes for Trapezoidal channel. [2+4] (b) A steel pipeline is 30 cm in diameter and has a wall thickness of 3 mm. The pipe is 1000 m long and conveys a flow of 100 Liter/sec (S = 0.82). The static head at the outlet is 160 m of oil. If the working stress of steel is the minimum time of closure of the downstream valve. For oil, and for steel .
Q3[6 Marks]Energy and Momentum Principles in Open Channel Flow
(a) A sluice gate across a channel 5 m wide discharges a stream 1 m deep. What is the velocity of the flow releasing through the gate when the depth upstream of the sluice is 4 On the downstream side concrete blocks have been placed to create conditions for hydraulic jump to occur. Calculate the force on blocks if the downstream depth is 2 m. [6] b) A rectangular channel of width has a manning's roughness coefficient of . For a discharge of in this channel, identify the possible GVF profiles produced when bed slope changes from to . Find the length of GVF curve formed in using direct step method. Take three steps for solution.
Q4[8 Marks]Rapidly Varied Flow in Open Channels
(a) What is Rapidly Varied Flow? Classify the hydraulic jump based on Froude number and tail water depth. [1+3] (b) A rectangular channel 8m wide and 1.5m deep has a slope of 1 in 1000 lined with smooth concrete plaster. It is desired to have the discharge to be maximum by changing the dimensions of the channel by keeping the same quantity of lining. Workout the new dimensions and the percentage increase in discharge. Assume n = 0.015.
Q5[8 Marks]Gradually Varied Flow in Open Channels
(a) Write down the assumptions in derivation of GVF equation. Prove that the equation for wide rectangular channel is given by is normal depth and is critical depth. [1+3] (b) Water flows in a rectangular channel of 4 m width at a depth of 2.50 m and a velocity of 2.25 m/s. If the width of the channel is reduced to 2.50 m and the bed of the channel is raised by 0.20 m at a section, how will the level of water surface be affected?

Curriculum Syllabus & Course Topics

Sourced from TU curriculum portal
Full Syllabus (PDF)
Chapter-wise Units & Micro-Syllabus Topics (7 Units)

  1. 1. Pipe Flow Regimes

    • 1.1Concept, scope and importance of pipe flow
    • 1.2Reynolds experiment (Laminar, transition and turbulent flows)
    • 1.3Steady laminar flow in circular pipes (Shear stress, velocity distribution and head loss - Hagen Poiseuille law)
    • 1.4Examples and characteristics of turbulent flow
    • 1.5Shear stress in turbulent flow (Boussinesq’s, Reynold’s and Prandtl’s mixing length theories)
    • 1.6Hydrodynamically smooth and rough boundaries; Velocity distribution for turbulent flow in pipes; Nikuradse’s experiments
    • 1.7Darcy-Weisbach equation, friction factor for turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipes; Colebrook white equation, Moody chart, introduction to Hazen- Williams equation

  2. 2. Pipe Flow Problems

    • 2.1Minor head losses in pipes (Losses due to sudden enlargement, sudden contraction, entry, exit, obstruction, gradual contraction or enlargement, bends and fittings)
    • 2.2Hydraulic gradient line and total energy line
    • 2.3Pipes in series and parallel
    • 2.4Siphons (Working principle and applications)
    • 2.5Three reservoir problems
    • 2.6Pipe network problems (Hardy-Cross method)

  3. 3. Unsteady Flow in Pipes

    • 3.1Concept and equations of unsteady flow
    • 3.2Water hammer phenomenon and effects
    • 3.3Velocity and magnitude of pressure waves, equation for water hammer pressure (Gradual and rapid valve closures)
    • 3.4Pressure variation due to sudden closure of valve (With and without head loss)

  4. 4. Uniform Flow in Open Channels

    • 4.1Classification of open channel and geometric properties
    • 4.2Conditions for uniform flow (Expression for shear stress on the channel boundary)
    • 4.3Flow resistance equations (Chezy, Manning and Darcy-Weisbach equations and their relationships; Bazin and Kutter equations)
    • 4.4Manning’s roughness coefficient (Determination and factors affecting roughness)
    • 4.5Velocity distribution and profiles (Velocity distribution in rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, and circular channel sections; velocity distribution coefficients)
    • 4.6Best hydraulic channel sections (Dimensions for rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal and circular sections)
    • 4.7Uniform flow computation (Conveyance, section factor, normal depth)

  5. 5. Energy and Momentum Principles in Open Channel Flow

    • 5.1Introduction to non-uniform flow in open channel
    • 5.2Energy principle (Specific energy, specific energy curve, alternate depths, and criteria for critical flow)
    • 5.3Critical depth computations in prismatic channel sections (Rectangular, triangular, circular and trapezoidal sections)
    • 5.4Depth-discharge relationship
    • 5.5Application of energy principle (Channel with hump; transition with a change in width; chocking; venturi flume; broad crested weir)
    • 5.6Momentum principle (Specific force; specific force curve; initial and sequent depths; conjugate depths; criteria for critical flow)
    • 5.7Application of momentum principle (Stilling basin; force on sluice gates; force on baffle blocks in stilling basin)

  6. 6. Rapidly Varied Flow in Open Channels

    • 6.1Characteristics of rapidly varied flow
    • 6.2Hydraulic jump (Analysis of hydraulic jump with assumptions)
    • 6.3Hydraulic jump in rectangular channel: Relationship between hydraulic jump variables (Conjugate depth, height of jump, efficiency of jump and length of the jump); energy loss in jump
    • 6.4Classification of hydraulic jump based on tail water level and Froude number

  7. 7. Gradually Varied Flow in Open Channels

    • 7.1Characteristics of gradually varied flow
    • 7.2Analysis of gradually varied flow (Basic assumptions for analysis, dynamic equation, dynamic equation in wide rectangular channel and control section)
    • 7.3Channel bottom slope: Relation between water surface and channel bottom slopes; bottom slope characteristics (Mild, critical, steep, horizontal and adverse slopes)
    • 7.4Water surface profiles (Classification and characteristics of water surface profiles; practical examples of water surface profiles)
    • 7.5Computation of gradually varied flow in prismatic channels: Direct integration (Bresse method), direct step and standard step methods
    • 7.6Computation of location of hydraulic jump under different flow conditions

Examination Scheme & Marks Distribution

Evaluation Structure

  • Final Board Theory Exam: 60 Marks (Pass mark: 24)
  • Internal Assessment: 40 Marks (Pass mark: 16)
  • Practical / Lab Exam: 25 or 50 Marks (Continuous lab evaluation + viva, where applicable)

* This is the general current IOE 60/40 scheme; verify course-specific details in the syllabus above.

Exam Preparation Guidelines

  • Review the 2 available past examination papers to identify recurring patterns, core problem types, and chapter weightage.
  • Practice design calculations, standard code provisions, and illustrative cross-section sketches.
  • Structure answers with labeled diagrams, concise bullet points, and highlight final answers in numerical solutions.
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Curriculum Syllabus & Marking Scheme